The Ascent To Fame of Nathaniel Hawthorne :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Ascent To Fame of Nathaniel Hawthorne The advent of Nathaniel Hawthornes recognition by the public as a literary master was long in coming and was not based mainly on the merits of his tales like The Ministers Black Veil. atomic number 1 James in his biography Hawthorne from 1879 testifies in eloquent fashion to the state of Hawthornes reputation in the 1830s as a writer I have said that in the United States at present authorship is a pedestal, and literature is the fashion but Hawthornes history is a proof that it was possible, l years ago, to write a great many little masterpieces without becoming known. He begins the preface to the Twice-Told Tales includes The Ministers Black Veil by remarking that he was for many years the obscurest man of letters in America. (chap. 2) Later James records the difficulty which Hawthorne had to face at times in getting his works print Mr. Lathrop learned from his surviving sister that after publishing Fanshawe he produced a group of shor t stories entitled Seven Tales of my Native Land, and that this lady retained a very favourable recollection of the work, which her brother had given her to read. But it never saw the light his attempts to get it published were unsuccessful, and at last, in a come across of and despair, the young author burned the manuscript. There is probably something autobiographic in the striking little tale of The Devil in Manuscript. They have been offered to seventeen publishers, says the belligerent of that sketch in regard to a pile of his own lucubrations (chap. 2) The Norton Anthology American Literature states that he was agonizingly slow in winning acclaim (547). Edgar Allen Poe, in a review of Hawthornes work, said in Godeys Ladys Book, November, 1847, no. 35, pp. 252-6 It was never the fashion (until lately) to speak of him in any summary of our best authors. . . . The peculiarity or sameness, or monotone of Hawthorne, would, in its mere character of peculiarity, and without referen ce to what is the peculiarity, suffice to deprive him of all chance of usual appreciation. But at his failure to be appreciated, we can, of course, no longer wonder, when we find him monotonous at decidedly the worst of all possible points--at that point which, having the least concern with Nature, is the farthest removed from the popular intellect, from the popular sentiment and from the popular taste.

Police Corruption in the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) Essay

constabulary Corruption in the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD)Police corruption undermines the foundation of our city... Officers who use the shield of service as a sword to commit crimes jeopardize the safety of all of us, and they do dishonor to their colleagues and to the city they swore to protect. Alejandro N. Mayorkas, United States Attorney, Central District of California, (U.S. Department of Justice News Release, 2000). Police corruption is not a new problem in society and there is not a standard way to deal with it. Police officers pack enormous power and responsibility and are asked to make difficult decisions. There is not an exact guide to behavior for law officers so their discretion wad lead to corruption (Monkkonen, 1999). The existence of police corruption in America has created a negative public view of law enforcement. Police corruption has deteriorated the kind between law enforcement and the community. In the past four years, more than 500 officers in 47 cities have been convicted of various federal crimes. Local and state governing in 32 other jurisdictions are either engaged in active investigations or prosecutions of dirty cops (Johnson,1998) .FBI Director Louis J. Freeh has stated The insidious nature of police corruption inherently undermines the confidence of the American people in one of the basic tenets of democracy that law enforcement officers will honestly and fairly protect and march the citizens to whom they answer. The selfish and deceitful acts of a few cannot be allowed to impugn the integrity of the law enforcement profession. (U.S. Department of Justice,1998). The existence of police corruption in society raises numerous important questions. What causes police of... ...Los Angeles Police Department, Board of Inquiry into the Rampart Area CorruptionIncident01 March 2000 available from http//www.lapdonline.org/pdf_files/pc/boi_pub.pdfU.S. Department of Justice, Los Angeles Police Officer, Ex-Cop Indicted on Fede ral Conspiracy Charges, news release, 05 April 2000 (photocopied).Monkkonen, Erik, Crossing the (Blue) Line The Problem With Commissions, LosAngeles Times, 26 Sept 1999, p. M-1.U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, news release, 21 Jan 1998Available from http//www.fbi.gov/pressrm/pressrel/pressrel98/police.htm overcompensate LA Convictions May Be Tossed, The Associated Press, 18 April 2000.James A. Inciardi, Criminal Justice, 3rd. ed., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, 1990.Lawrence W. Sherman, Scandal and Reform, Berkely University of California Press, 1978.

Galapagos Essay -- essays research papers

Kurt Vonneguts Galapagos was written one million yrs ahead of the year 1986 AD. In this book, Vonnegut argues that the ultimate effect of hu mankinditys sociological problems with technology is that mans intelligence will be the downfall and destruction of the human race. The essential point made by Vonnegut in this work is that the "great big brains" of humanity drives people to go further into technology and create new weapons that will lead to the demolition of man kind Vonnegut disagreed against virtually every technological development (made by big brains). It was the humans big brains that forever and a day gave them foolish or reckless ideas that almost always had negative results. Though it may tell the rest of your body to do the things that make you eat, breathe and sleep, it will occasionally tell you to something that might endanger or kill you. For example, Mary Hepburns big brain was telling her she had nothing to live for, and gave her the urge to grab the p lastic wrap from her red gown to exit herself and commit suicide (page 26).Kurt Vonnegut journeyed into the minds of each of the characters, the readers are be able to know what the character was thinking, which played a good part in the story oddly because the author made mention to how the great big brains of one million years ago (1986 A.D.) gave people all of these thoughts and ideas that people today cant do with their smaller brains. The characters begins with a ghost of a deca...

Critique of Gilgamesh as a King in The Epic of Gilgamesh Essays

A Critique of Gilgamesh as a King in The Epic of GilgameshThere are some characteristics that closely great kings have. All of the great kings did not have all of these characteristics, but they had some of them. Gilgamesh did not have many of these traits. Although he was a powerful king, he was not a great king. He had some good traits, such as being a leader, and fighting evil powers. He tormented his people, oppress them them, exhausted them in daily life and in combat, and he gave himself the right to sleep with any unmarried woman. Gilgamesh uses his strength to get anything he wants. He in particular uses his power to get women. He demands to be first with the bride, the king to be first and the husband to follow.(68) To c...

Gang Intelligence Methods in Law Enforcement Essay -- essays research

GANG INTELLIGENCE METHODS IN LAW ENFORCEMENTThe American headlines of any large city will site killings on street corners, robberies, assaults, intimidation, and drug interaction. While not all-criminal activity is associated with battalions, the 780,000 strong elements do account for a large majority of the problems that be plaguing America. There is no one-way to stop closed chain activity in one single swipe, just now through a combination of cooperation, education, and training techniques faithfulness enforcement can minimize the annuluss movements and even stop a crime before it is committed.A gang is defined as a stem of individuals with the same objective that are bound together by a bond of trust. The majority of gangs are young people, but not every gang member is in his prime. The people that make up a gang are usually trying to achieve something, either money, respect, freedom from the oppression of some other gang or law enforcement agency, the need to belong to something greater than themselves, or a combination of any of these. The individual that crossroadss a gang is usually by and by the same goal that the gang is seeking to obtain.Different gangs have different characteristics, but all gangs possess at least one A hierarchy. Whether the gang is a small local crew that never moves out of the neighborhood or a larger well organized team that controls an entire district, at that place will always be a leader. The leader of the group is the focus of gang-related law enforcement intelligence investigations. Often times the leader of a gang may already be incarcerated, and is still communicating and giving orders from within the walls. The leader is the individual that is usually the strongest member of the group with the most charisma, not necessarily the smartest member of the group or the member that has been in the group the longest. Membership in a gang does not necessarily mean that the person is uneducated. Some gang members may have positions within the law enforcement communities (Sulc, 65) and some gang members earn college degrees in business, law enforcement, finance, etc. This type of education whether formal or on-the-job will make the gang even stronger. If an individual cannot afford to go to college, this type of scholarship program could be an incentive to stay or join up with ... ...mericans understand that catching criminals and bringing down a gang ring is not an easy task. As long as there is an busy show of interaction between law enforcement and the public, than the likelihood of information sharing is always greater. The gang related activity of America cannot be extinguished overnight, but understanding that the fight against such crime is not an easy task will help win the American peoples support. The average citizen is angered as well as discouraged by the acts of criminal gang forces, and the majority of Americans stand behind law enforcement already. The only way to put a dent in the criminal gang forces of America is through a combination of cooperation, education, and training techniques. WORKS CITEDLowenthall, M.M. INTELLIGENCE FROM SECRETS TO POLICY.Washington, DC CQ Press, 2000. Peterson, M.B. APPLICATIONS IN CRIMINAL ANALYSIS. Westport,CT Praeger Publishers, 1998. Peterson, M.B. INTELLIGENCE 2000 REVISING THE BASICELEMENTS. Sacramento, CA LEIU, 2000. Sulc, L.B. LAW ENFORCEMENT COUNTER INTELLIGENCE. ShawneeMission, KS Varro Press, 1996.

Gang Intelligence Methods in Law Enforcement Essay -- essays research

GANG INTELLIGENCE METHODS IN LAW ENFORCEMENTThe American headlines of any blown-up city will site killings on street corners, robberies, assaults, intimidation, and drug interaction. While not all-criminal activity is associated with hoops, the 780,000 strong members do account for a large absolute majority of the problems that are plaguing America. There is no one-way to stop gang activity in one single swipe, but through a combination of cooperation, education, and preparedness techniques law enforcement can minimize the gangs movements and even stop a crime before it is committed.A gang is defined as a group of individuals with the same objective that are bound together by a bond of trust. The majority of gangs are young people, but not each gang member is in his prime. The people that make up a gang are unremarkably trying to achieve something, either money, respect, freedom from the oppression of another gang or law enforcement agency, the need to belong to something grea ter than themselves, or a combination of any of these. The individual that joins a gang is usually after the same goal that the gang is seeking to obtain.Different gangs have different characteristics, but all gangs possess at least one A hierarchy. Whether the gang is a small local crew that never moves out of the neighborhood or a larger well organized team that controls an undefiled district, there will always be a leader. The leader of the group is the focus of gang-related law enforcement intelligence investigations. Often times the leader of a gang may already be incarcerated, and is still communicating and giving orders from within the walls. The leader is the individual that is usually the strongest member of the group with the most charisma, not inescapably the smartest member of the group or the member that has been in the group the longest. Membership in a gang does not necessarily mean that the person is uneducated. nigh gang members may have positions within the law enforcement communities (Sulc, 65) and some gang members earn college degrees in business, law enforcement, finance, etc. This type of education whether formal or on-the-job will make the gang even stronger. If an individual cannot afford to go to college, this type of scholarship program could be an incentive to stay or join up with ... ...mericans understand that catching criminals and bringing down a gang ring is not an easy task. As long as there is an active show of interaction between law enforcement and the public, than the likelihood of information sharing is always greater. The gang related activity of America cannot be get rid of overnight, but understanding that the fight against such crime is not an easy task will help win the American peoples support. The ordinary citizen is enraged as well as discouraged by the acts of criminal gang forces, and the majority of Americans stand behind law enforcement already. The only way to designate a dent in the criminal gang for ces of America is through a combination of cooperation, education, and training techniques. WORKS CITEDLowenthall, M.M. INTELLIGENCE FROM SECRETS TO POLICY.Washington, DC CQ Press, 2000. Peterson, M.B. APPLICATIONS IN fell ANALYSIS. Westport,CT Praeger Publishers, 1998. Peterson, M.B. INTELLIGENCE 2000 REVISING THE BASICELEMENTS. Sacramento, CA LEIU, 2000. Sulc, L.B. LAW ENFORCEMENT COUNTER INTELLIGENCE. ShawneeMission, KS Varro Press, 1996.

Female on International Assignments

World is growing with lightening speed to become a global village, business horizons be widening their wings to take over all street of the world, no matter how different market style is, how different ethnic barriers are. Different customs, norms, language, gender are crucial issues for any individual, team, or organization. We are focusing about wowork force facing problems at international assignments. This for sure affects the success of women who work across borders. Gender perspective varies a lot across time, culture. there are some countries like Sweden with low gender discrimination and on other hand its Japan with very high gender discrimination. Different cultural environments, cultural beliefs, and attitudes significantly impact gender expectations and govern much of the interactions and interpretations that occur between men n women. It came to known by a survey that more women are sent to work on international assignments than men, but the question arises, arent the challenges faced by women the same as those for men?Is working in Australia is same as working in India? The first problem faced by women on international assignment is the cultural difference. Where in male tyrannic business world n environment its hard for a lady to be acceptable as a decision maker. Clients will non do business with women in the way they would with a man. Especially in the Middle East countries where boys have to be boys and girls to be girls, one has got to bring along with it.One have to be respectful in order to get their respect, and noting that women invite to be very mature in their behavior. Women, who want to lead in business, have a family knot with them. The first question, an owner going to think prior to appointing an assignment, is she a lady with family, and the amount of travel she can carry along? Whereas men can easily be mobile for international assignments. It is as well a cultural attitude toward the role of women in child-rearing and fam ily life which play a role in this shortfall.It is difficult for women to take expats routes than men but the paradox is that women have more of communication skills n qualities that companies require for todays business world. In ancient societies men were a symbol of strength and protection, they used to go out either for hunting or for protection and care out the outsiders n women were used to trade and provide services. Now we are moving into a period where couples have to care for a wider range of things.Companies need a better understanding of relationships and wider management through teams rather than through dominant male hierarchies. Women care about relationships a lot more than men do, which makes them better at management because they are better at recognizing emotions, voracity and other peoples needs, which on average, makes women better at working in teams. But, on the other hand, it is generally more difficult for a young-bearing(prenominal) to sever the relations hips shes established and take-off for another country.Another issue for women is when the accompanying collaborator is a man. On average the male is the person in the highest position in society and it gets much more difficult to get the guy to cost the woman as the trailing mate. In many countries it is more difficult for female expats because they may have to accommodate their males egos. In male-dominated societies, the trailing male spouse does not want to feel inadequate. So what companies should do to help women carry their international path.First and foremost, they should find the person qualified to fit the clients needs and then HR ensures that qualified women are part of those short term assignment. Specially when a female employee is to send to the Middle East she has to be able to finagle with the cultural complexity. Whereas, the younger women generation is much more capable than the fifty years old generation. We need to bring these women up we have successful f emale role models, which helps bring about change. Women should get international assignments like any one else because it is a great way of developing as well as being essential for their careers.

Sustainable Tourism: a Hope or a Necessity?

Sustainable Tourism A Hope or a Necessity? The Case of Tofino, British Columbia, Canada The purpose of this research was to examine diametrical stakeholder perspectives of tourism in Tofino in order to determine impacts and challenges relating to tourism increase and semipermanent sustainability. This paper seeks to explore the current situation and recommendations for the future knowledge of Tofino through a multi-stakeholder process.It builds upon previous research conducted by Welk (2006) and by Dodds & Basu (2008). The aim of this paper accordingly is to examine stakeholder theory and resource dependence theory as it applies to a tourism destination with a key focus on water system as it is a vital resource for successful tourism. Additionally the stage of bread and butter cycle of the tourism destination as well as the concept of Limits of grateful Change is discussed to provide context. 2. 1 Theories Tools to Manage?Many islands depend heavily on the natural resources of an area and it is these resources authors believe that sustainable tourism is the responsibilify of all stakeholders Stakeholders are defined as any individual or group who can affect the firms performance or who is affected by the achievement of the organizations objectives (Freeman, 1984). is important to construe the views of stakeholders as they can motivate or impede sustainabilify in organizations. dentified motives and barriers to sustainabilify such as economic considerations, political power and salience, coordination between stakeholders, accountabilify of all stakeholders, needinesss of will and integrating between govemment bodies (Ioannides, 2001 Dodds, 2007a 2007b). The life cycle model describes six stages of an evolutionary sequence that a tourist area passes through exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation and rejuvenation or decline.The life cycle outlines, that as airports, accommodation and other tourist facilities are provided, awaren ess grows, but visitors will eventually decline as capacify is reached. Each stage is accompany by changes in the nature and extent of facilities provided and the local/non local provision of these. Limits of Acceptable Change is a management tool for setting limits or managing totirism are assessing carrying capacity, or developing indicators for totirism optimization.Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) attempts to assess stress in both the natural and loving and economic environment and to define the maximum peak of change that is tolerable. Tourism Development in Tofino focused on marketing efforts rather than assessing resource or other livelihood issues. From a lifecycle analysis. rapid branch of tourism increased infrastructure in and around Tofino, this has often resulted in negative social and ecological impacts such as the lack of adequate inft-astructure to grapple with garbage and cloaca, isolation or lack of adequate community facilities and disruption to livelihoods cod to the cost of living.In addition, according to the provincial govemment, the region has been experiencing drier than normal conditions. lack of water Methodology interviews were held with 38 stakeholders. sampling approach, Findings Economy outside influences (e. g. competition, environment disaster such as a mudslide or road closure due to one road access). Capacity/Infrasfructure promoted without supporting the infrastructure needed for growth. Water, According to the District Treasurer, Sewage. Govemance Development ow tax base that greatly affects the income back for repairing infrastructure Communify Benefits availableness to tourist Second Homes accommodations and staff housing. that B&B and second homes are providing tourist accomniodation but not contributing taxes. First Nations Treafy Negotiations Dont sheer indigenous people Conservation over the increase in garbage bears due to beach areas overflowing with garbage from high use. Effect for nature animals . merch ant marine Labor skilled labor shortage and with the advent of tourism, many staff are unskilled.Low pay. Media could affect its historically good image. Tofinos Future educational initiative was seen by many respondents as innovative, however it should be noted that conservation of water and energy is standard practice year-round in most accommodations worldwide. Change is incremental Water response to water shortage rather than standard practice. Some efforts have been made during water shortage to educate the visitor and regular water monitoring. Waste Recycling efforts are slowly growing although limited.Energy green building code. solar energy. Most boating operators have made efforts to reduce fuel use Local sourcing nitiative and green breakfast sidents are attending workshops on local food production and food securify. Public transport Education negative impacts of development as it has limited natural and social resources . critical stage of its lifecycle. very elements th at attract tourists are dependent on its natural and build resources. Water shortages, sewage treatment, transport and housing.The media has outlined a number of issues that has drawn a negative. This finding supports recent findings by Dodds and Basu (2008) in that there is no overarching plan for a different model of tourism and no strategies or specific promotion of sustainable tourism practices for visitors or businesses to follow which may help alleviate infrastructure and social pressures. planning and considerations for sustainability First, a cohesive and comprehensive plan, which includes planning for long-term development.Secondly, there is the need to identify and defme Limits of Acceptable Change to govem for the long-term sustainabilify through a get Plan. Third, Tourism Tofino as the key marketing and promotional agency, and one that represents many tourism business interests, should play a representative role for businesses in the govemance and development of tourism Fourth, there is a need to generate income for infrastmcture and livelihood requirements for the residents Fifth, there is a need to diversify indusfries to attract year round businesses and professionals.

Does Internet Makes Us Stupid?

The influence of internet on the society When we succeed, we succeed because of our singular initiative, precisely as well because we do things together. This statement, which was made by President Barack Obama, desexualises us question whether the use of the meshing helps us succeed or pay offs us dolt and lock ourselves out of the outside world. The Internet bubble increases its volume and density rapidly, because the number of tidy sum and hours using the internet increases dramatic eachy every day. Consequently, books and other look into resources ar becoming increasingly less valu suitable.The Internet has become the biggest depository library. By growing so rapidly, the Internet system not only makes life so much easier, but also may exceed certain ethical and moral limits. I think that it is true that the influence of Internet in roughly instances is making us less intelligent. In this essay, however, I am going to argue that internet doesnt make us stupid. In fac t, I believe that what we shape and use now, is a huge newfangled provement for the nation and for us as individuals. First, I want to peak out that Internet lets us develop as a nation. Since it improves continuously, we as piece macrocosms improve, as well.As we develop a system which tin carry unimaginable amounts of knowledge, we offer become smarter by victorious payoff of the data. It doesnt take that much time to find everything any more than. Thus, we can check over much more in a shorter time period, compared to finding something detail in books or articles, for example, which can be very time-consuming. Of course, books are nearly likely written in a high-level language, which is in umteen cases not applicable for the Internet and which can make us able to understand and use specific unusual words.On the other side, however, I think that we want to learn things in an understandable way and to be able to use them quickly, so that we can learn more in the limi ted time we have. It is true that many people access inappropriate internet information or spend more time playing games instead of relating to real people or being outdoors. It is also true that, in some cases, we are getting accustomed to accessing information so easily we take upt appreciate it enough. This consequently, makes us lazy in doing look for of our own. Instead, we are often using other peoples information and their opinions.I think, however, that this doesnt make the studyity of people less intelligent. In fact, it connects minds. For instance, we are doing something only new, and we dont want to do it badly or go to a bad place. The Internet allows us to read palingenesiss and recommendations from people with experience. Thus, we are able to be prepared for something and do a better job. It is also often possible to yack 24 hours a day with someone in- personly from a specific company or even doctors. This results also in huge timesaving and answers our quest ions easily. This doesnt make the people more stupid.To the contrary, it makes them more mature and we develop as human beings. Even people who are actually lazy or not as smart get the chance to improve themselves easily. People who are already very intelligent use the opportunity to go even beyond their abilities. Moreover, as mentioned in the introduction, President Obama also supports that Internet doesnt make us more stupid, because we are not only relying on it, but thinking with human mind The point is, is that when we succeed, we succeed because of our individual initiative, but also because we do things together.There are some things, just like fighting fires, we dont do on our own. I mean, imagine if everybody had their own fire service. That would be a hard way to organize fighting fires. So we say to ourselves, ever since the founding of this country you know what, there are some things we do better together. Although the Internet was created by decentralized groups of scientists and programmers and hobbyists, government financing supported much of the early research, obviously because it saw many usefulnesss for the nation in it.In the forward-looking York Times article The Internet? We create that, the author supports Obamas statement, by saying that life is full of things we do better together. precisely what the Internet and its posterity teach us is that there are now new models for doing things together, success stories that prove convincingly that you dont need bureaucracies to facilitate public collaboration, and you dont need the private sector to innovate. Thus, as shown, the Internet is a new way of learning and doing things which helps us to improve as a human beings.Pointing out things that we do and dont do together brings me to the next point of Internet as a huge advantage in international communication and ontogeny our understandings. The Internet gives us the ability to communicate with different people nigh the world and to improve our intellectual diversity. As we learn so much more from other countries and cultures, we get more open-minded and informed. We are getting close as a world community with fast and reliable communication possibilities around the world.In addition, business uses the internet to cooperate and trade with other companies all around the world and to become international. On one hand, this leads to more and better language skills, and on the other hand, to better understanding and studying of different cultures and economies. Consequently, the world view makes us smarter and makes us seek the best we can achieve. A few decades ago, people were not as informed about other countries and diverse as they are now. Every country can improve itself and take huge advantage of other countries, rather than just studying books and not connecting with real people and countries.The communication possibilities are more personal and interactive through different chat services and video conf erences offered, for instance, by Skype, FaceTime, Whatsapp or Viber. We, who created the internet, did it to become more intelligent. To seek to the best is human nature. How else would everything be so easily and equally available for everyone? From my personal experience I can say that the communication possibilities through the Internet are one of the biggest advantages of the Internet. As an international student in the U. S. I can easily contact my family and friends back in Germany and be up to date. This enables me to study overseas without feeling as far apart and improve myself in all ways in a different culture. It is also worth mentioning that the internet makes it possible and realistic to study in a different language without having major difficulties. Since the internet offers fast access to information in all languages and different translation pages, it is possible to understand everything and make different researches. This fact connects to my last contrast The In ternet is the best resource of information.Besides the facts that the Internet helps us to improve ourselves and connect with other countries easily, we have all resources collected together, which we improve and up-to-date constantly. Besides the point that we save time, it lets us compare lots of information. It is true that Internet has diminished our interest in meter reading books and going to the library. In the book The Shallows, Nicholas Carr mentions that the rise of the Internet might lead to loss of important mental talents because every technology would come with trade-offs.According to Carr, however, the Internet is actually good for the mind. He applies a comprehensive 2009 review of studies published on the cognitive effects of video games and found that gaming led to significant improvements in performance on various cognitive tasks, from visual perception to sustained attention. Consequently, he claims that different tasks of the Internet could increases the speed of information processing. We dont need to stick with only a few resources, but can compare everything to get the most correct information, and as a side effect, increase our concentration skills.For example, when we are looking for a specific historical time period, we can compare resources from writers all over the world and thus, we can compare different views on certain aspects. What if the two books you find in the library have two completely different descriptions of an event? Where else, except on the internet through Google or Yahoo searches, could we find out whats in reality true? Besides this, the Internet offers access to the latest research in different fields like technology, science or medicine. Isnt that what we want and what can make us smarter?A 2009 study by neuroscientists at the University of California proves that performing Google searches led to increased activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, at least when compared with reading a book-like text. This certain brain area would, according to the studies, underlie the precise talents, like selective attention and deliberate analysis, which would have vanished in the age of the Internet. Thus, the Internet or specifically Google, isnt making us stupid its exercising the very mental muscles that make us smarter. In addition, students are most likely required to use the internet for extensive researches and be in contact from any place through email or blackboard, for example, to share information and learn. All in all, through my demonstrated arguments that internet lets us act as better people in our life, that it connects the world, and that it is the biggest library with all imaginable information, I strongly believe that Internet is making us predominantly cleverer.It is true that it all depends on an individual person and how he or she is taking advantage of the online world. It also depends what character and habits the person has generally in his or her life, because so does he or she, most likely, get influenced by the internet. In my opinion, however, every person gets advantages of the Internet in their way and learns for his or her life. If, in some way we can say that Internet has a negative effect on the person, we cant only blame the Internet.All interrupting technologies and the people attending the online world are seeking to get the attention of people, who are constantly craving to get new information in the best way. Consequently, many opportunities and offers are almost impossible to resist that we are wasting a lot of time in the internet. But we are human beings and we are trying to seek to the best or can you resist everything and just be perfectly mature? 1 . http//www. nytimes. com/2010/06/06/books/review/Lehrer-t. html? _r=0

Classroom Seating Arrangements

Classroom Seating Arrangements By Walaa Samir Fayek Classroom management is extremely effective to create a better learning environment, in which the t to each oneer invests in space, time and materials to achieve academic and personal development to the pupils. Personally, seating arrangements play a signifi pottyt role in creating a stress-free and a beneficial gentle wind for the EFL learners and helping the teacher in controlling the class easily. It will also reflect their performance in the activities, how much they have grasped from the lesson and facilitate free exercise in the classroom.I consider the desks in semi-circles and U-shape argon the ideal shapes for my EFL classroom. Arranging the class in a semi-circle allows the teacher to observe the students and also the students will be suitable to see their classmates and the board. It is also perfect for conducting group discussions and participating in group conversations by building the students self-esteem and confi dence in sharing their ideas, especially for students who are shy to present their swear out to others. On the other hand, semi-circle seating arrangement magnate not be helpful sometimes as the teacher might find it difficult to meet the students one-on-one.It is also not so handy if the class is not big enough because this seating arrangement will tackle much room than the normal row seating arrangement. As for the U-shape or horseshoe seating arrangement, it is a good choice as it allows each student to have a panoramic view of the whole class classmates, teacher and the board as well, and gives the teacher a more direct contact with each student, promoting eye contact, improving classroom behavior and controlling discipline problems especially with young learners.Related article Cda Competency Goal 1Moreover, through the U-shape setup, the students wont be able to hide or avoid participation and that will encourage them to improve their behavior. The U-shape seating allows a huge space for setting up projectors or any teaching materials and free movement in the class. Desks in U-shape require a large space, which might be a disadvantage that can negatively affect the teaching process. There are other seating arrangements that might be useful in teaching English, especially during the production stage, which are clusters and groups seating arrangement.Young learners of EFL can be placed in small clusters so they can interact easily and dynamically with one another and work on group projects. Clusters help in mixing between students of various skill levels and abilities, allowing the teachers to move around the class and observe the students. One drawback is that some of the students will abolish up facing other students not the front of the class which may lead to a slight distraction even if it was for young learners or adults.To essence up, seating arrangements have an effective role in enhancing the learners productivity and concentration during t he class. There are many examples for seating arrangements like the semi-circle and the U-shape. Both of them can work perfectly if the teacher is conducting an informative lesson that needs the learners focus. Also, there are the clusters and groups seating arrangements that facilitate the group work and help the learners to connect their thoughts together.

Ladybird book Essay

Question How does the poet use language to communicate her sons response to reading and how does she convey her own feelings to you?AnswerIn the poem, the poet shows us about her little genius son who gutter do everything except for reading. end-to-end the description about her sons behavior in reading, she conveys to us her frustrated feelings when her son doesnt have any interest in reading.Firstly, the crinkle in 2 aspects which exist inside her son is clearly shown by the first stanza. In 4 first lines of the first stanza, the poet asserts that her smart son raft do many things that many other kids cant do make sculptures, fabulous machines, solemn advice The images of a smart and sensible boy is pied beauti entirey under poets pen only mother who are supremely proud of her son can makes this masterpiece. Here, the use of exaggeration is used to get the wonderful abilities of poets son, which is a leverage to pull the frustration in poets feelings up when she said but he is slow to read. The countersignature but suggests the changing in tone of the poem from excitement, pride to disappointment.Although her love spend on him is very immense, the difference amongst adults and childrens thinking prevents her from organism optimistic consistently about her sonWhen I take him on my kneewith his Ladybird givehe gazes into the air,sighing and shaking his headlike an overage manwho knows the mountainsare impassable.The poet tries to reach her son but his action makes her down it is a such a drag on her thinking. Listing three verbs which suggests the prejudicial effect, she conveys to us how languid her son is in reading book. Using the simile, poet portrays image of her son like an old, thoughtful man knowing that the mountains are impassable. Facing with book her son is deactivated.Through the first stanza, mothers feeling goes down from the top to the bottom of a mountain when she told us about her son. The contrast between what her son can do and rea ding puts her in tumult.Secondly, as evidence, the second stanza is an inf on the wholeible description about her sons response to words.He toys with words,let them go coldas gristly meatAt first, he son has a little try on making words live on familiar with what he is fancy in but all he can do bring him to a boring world of words.Normally, people cant so something that it is not strong enough to attract them and in them same case, her son tries in hopeless he cant do reading under his mothers pressure. One more time, the simile is used. It conveys how hard with the poets get close to reading like swallowing a tough, tough meat. His response to reading is completely like the feelings of bird imprisoned in the cage vain, empty and tedious.Finally, the fish are released the son is liberated from reading. His feeling is full of beatitude.a fish returningto its element,or a white-eyed colt shying from the bit who seesthat if he takes itin his mouthhell never runquite free again.He enjoys his liberty like the fish returns to its element. The poet exhaled using this idiom to describe her anxiety when her son became active again after hardcore reading.Here, the mother (poet) seems to find out the occult behavior of her son that makes him fed up with reading. The image of a young male horse suggests the using of metaphor. The poets son is forced to read and the immunity is out like the young male horse when he is bound by the bit hell never run quite free again.At this point, the poet emphasizes that her son seem to be regenerated after the reading section, which pull her down when she tries her best to help her son.The poem is written the heart of a mother who spends all her love to him, tries to help him ceaselessly while her son cant show his positive behavior to reading. It reflects the a difference between the adult panorama and children point of view.

John Boyne’s The Boy in the Striped Pajamas: Holocaust from a Child’s Perspective Essay

The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas by John battle of Boyne is a story that tells of the holocaust through the eyes of a child, Bruno, a boy who discovers a peculiar friend that lives a strange existence on the other side of the adjoining wire fence. The important predilections presented in the novel are cruelty, discrimination, and abusive power, the holocaust from a childs perspective and the misinterpretations from a child who stepwise discovers the world to be not as enjoyable as he thought.Using some of these ideas listed above the storyline of the take for gradu each(prenominal)y becomes more(prenominal) evident and keeps you interested in the accommodate to finding that the story is of the holocaust and how the Jews were once treated, last century. Cruelty and racism is the most important idea being expressed in the book. The Nazis were cruel to the Jews by keeping them in concentration camps where they were beaten, starved, threatened, gassed, burned and forced to work day in and day out, it impossible for them to earn a living.The way they treated the Jewish race was all because making the Nazi people purely didnt standardised them, which is racist because they had no other movement for their murderous behaviour toward them. One example of cruelty recognised is on page 208, in the last fewer pages of the book where the meaning behind the whole story begins to be more obvious. In fact everywhere he looked, all he could see was 2 different types of people either happy, laughing, shouting soldiers in their uniform or sad, crying people in their striped pyjamas, most of whom seemed to be staring into dummy as if they were actually asleep.I dont think I like it here, said Bruno. This part in the book clearly call downs that Bruno is beginning to witness uneasy with where he is, and recognise that the Jewish people arent actually having fun on the other side of the fence but for some reason are unhappy, due to what we work out ourselves, the cruel a nd inhumane way that they were being treated. Abusive power is another significant issue presented in the book. some(prenominal) characters in the story halt abused their power, three being Lieutenant Kotler, when he physically abuses Pavel on page 148, a Jew who clumsily makes a splendid fault and knocks over a wine bottle in front on lieutenant Kotler, and the soldier takes him into the other room and beats him. What happened then was two unexpected and extremely unpleasant. Lieutenant Kotler grew very angry with Pavel and no one not Bruno, not Gretel, not Mother and not even Father stepped in to stop him doing what her did next, even though none of them could watch. Even though it made Bruno cry and Gretel grow pale. The fact that Pavel was being beaten made Bruno feel awkward to even be in the room, making it obvious that lieutenant Kotler had abused his power. The second one is Gretel, Brunos older sister she did this several times in the book by constantly criticizing hi m because of his age and height, which really lowered Brunos self esteem. The last and third example is that of Brunos parents, as they did not hold Bruno to devour a say or choice in moving homes.All Bruno knows is that he was being moved from his comfortable home in Berlin to a home in a desolate area where thither is nothing to do and no one to play with. The Holocaust is expressed through many another(prenominal) different techniques in the story. The main technique being used is through the eyes of a child which allows us to read the novel and clear the wide-cut perspective from Bruno, a young boy. The point of this is so that the book isnt disturbing for us to read because a child has a a great deal more innocent view of the world.Bruno was oblivious to the appalling cruelties being inflicted on the people of Europe in his country. This time is on the blurb on the back of the book and reinforces that Bruno doesnt know for almost the whole book what is happening on the other side of the fence, we just catch glimpses of what is really happening when he describes how unhappy the Jewish people were. Capitalisation is another expression used when describing something.Capitalising words or phrases changes the effect of how you read it in a book. For example, if you were reading something in lowercase it would simply be read in a normal low tone voice calmly if it is capitalised, even if we do not recognise it, we ointment up our pace when reading over that section and read it in a more angry tone to express the aggressiveness in the sentence etc. Misinterpretations and mispronunciations are the next two strategies used in the book.Misinterpretations are evident on page 210 where it explains that Bruno misconceives what is happening and that he doesnt understand, He didnt know what everyone looked so frightened about after all, marching wasnt such a terrible thing and he wanted to whisper to them that everything was all right, that Father was the Co mmandant, and if this was the kind of thing that he wanted the people to do then it must all be right. Following this he says, I have to go home. But just as he said this, his feet brought him up a set of steps, and as he marched on he found there was no more rain coming down anymore because they were all piling into a long room that was surprisingly warm and must have been very securely built because no rain was getting in anywhere. In fact it felt completely airtight. Well, thats something he said, glad to be out of the storm for a few minutes at least.I expect well have to wait here til it eases off and then ill get to go home Bruno thought that the soldiers were keeping them in this large room out of the rain to be warm, but what was actually about to occur was much worse then that. The last idea Im going to discuss is discrimination which relates majorly to the first argument but I wanted to state this again because it is racial inequity and this is what the whole book is abou t, how unjustly the Jewish race were treated.The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is a very meaningful book and not only can we learn of the holocaust history but still be interested and relate to the story because it is from a childs perspective and this can be recognised by us. From all the techniques and ideas expressed in the story, the book has an emotional impact on us and makes it almost passing(a) to read as its puts us directly into Brunos world view. The way John Boyne has written the story allows us to sympathise for the Jews. The fact that it is establish on a historical event really makes it reliable in showing us how the Jews were treated during the holocaust.

Pizza Hut Case Study

Pizza chantey dominated the fast food market in the world both in sales and number of restaurants before 1986. In 1986, the company announced to start the home delivery market, which would especially target the children, two-career families, and parents with small children, etc. Segmentation of the children by ripen (a group of the same age who will respond to a marketing mix in a similar way) outcomes in the following market approachKids (age 3-11), Teens (age 12-17), Those two segmentations represent a huge proportion of Pizza Huts customer. Once they ware, they will love to eat the pizza very often, and become loyal to the Pizza Hut.Kids (age 3-11) Those kids eat whatever their parents give them. They are too much dependent on their parents so that their parents do not have time to cook at home. besides their parents want to spend more time on playing with them. Therefore, it is very convenient for their parents to order the pizza for them. See Appendix ATeens (age 12-17) Thos e teens become little dependent on their parents. They always choose what to eat themselves. They are most of the time at naturalise. They always have heavy group work and school activities. They do not have too much money and time to eat in restaurants. Pizza will cost them less and fast.However, the Pizza Hut restaurant eat-in &carry out business attracted 79% of the consumers in 1986. Those mixed consumers viewed pizza as a personal, sensual experience. The restaurant offered convenient family atmosphere and stick out them high quality product at a reasonable price. Pizza was widely accepted across the U.S. regardless of its popularity in northern and eastern regions

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Essay

The the Statesn Dream is true equality and freedom of the citizens of The f on the whole in States. In Maya Angelous I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings, white daisy struggles with the thought of tonus uncalled-for as a child and the discrimination against blacks. As Marguerite grows up, she experiences jump-hand the cruelty of racism. Her struggles reflect on all the hardships the citizens of America went through when they were fighting for equality as well. It first started in 1607 when English settlers travelled to America for sacred freedom. The freedom they sought out for eventually grew to be something more important than just religious freedom. Marguerite defies authority and sequestration and eventually gains the equality she deserves. Even though the era of slavery has deceaseed, segregation between blacks and whites were still present.The town that Marguerite lives in is separated from where the white population is and she b bely knows what they are like and she wonders if they are even human. Early on in the story, Marguerite first experiences the cruelty of the local anesthetic powhitetrash when her family is warned of the white men searching her town for a scapegoat. This causes her Uncle Willie to hide in a potato hive away even though he is innocent. In chapter blank, Marguerite watches three white girls mock Momma and she find outs petulance towards their cruelty and unfairness.As Momma finds her crying in anger, this is the first time she felt the need to make the white people and fight against them. This encounter foreshadows Marguerites future chips of defiance against white people, as the English settlers defied their kind and moves to America. Marguerites first true act of defiance was when she was on the job(p) for a white woman named Viola Cullinan. Mrs. Viola Cullinan is rude and her friends mistreat Marguerite. In order for Marguerite to closing working for her, she broke her prized china. This was a sign of Marguerite finall y taking a stand against being mis treat. Her resistance gains Marguerite back her compliment and she is getting closer to the freedom that she yearns for.There are quantify in the story where Marguerite feels an extreme sense of pride for her and her people. At Marguerites graduation, a white man named Edward Donleavy degrades the black population by stating that they can only excel in sports. He causes the eighth grade class to feel ashamed of themselves because they feel unintelligent. Marguerite starts to regret the fact that capital of Ohio discovered the new world and she wishes that he hadnt.She feels so embarrassed, besides Henry Reed, the valedictorian of her class brings their center back up.He has the crowd sing the Negro National Anthem and as his speech ends, everyone feels broad pride swell inside of them. Marguerite feels exalted of her heritage and education and ignores what harsh words of Mr. Donleavy. another(prenominal) time when Marguerite feels proud of t he black population is when she envisions Ms. Henderson standing up to Dr. Lincoln. She pictures Ms. Henderson turning into a superhero and scaring Dr. Lincoln. She states that she feels proud to be her granddaughter. The American Dream cannot be ful make full unless the people have an extreme sense of pride of who they are and their country. Marguerites feelings were the start of the journey towards equality between all races.Marguerite first experiences a sense of equality when she attends a school in San Francisco. All the students are rude to her and act as if she is inferior to all of them. On the other hand, Marguerite meets a teacher names Mrs. Kirwin who doesnt discriminate. She treats every single one of her students the same, no matter what their race is. She only remembers Mrs. Kirwin because she didnt treat her differently. Marguerite experiences one final act of equality when she runs away from her father.She discovers a mix of young teens consisting of several races wo rking together in equality. They give her certain rules that allow her to appreciate diversity and how everyone is the same. For example, everyone must work and invest in an equal amount of effort to survive. Like the American Dream, everyone living in the junkyard is equal and treated fairly. There was no oppression or segregation when Marguerite lived in the junkyard. As it says in The resolve of Independence, every American citizen is endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights.In chapter 19, the Store is filled people listening to the boxing match with Joe Louis, a hero from the black population. When he wins, Marguerite feels that he proved that black people are powerful people. The black population develops a sense of hope, feeling that things will start to change because Joe Louis made a difference and because he is a black man.They feel as if they finally took a stand to all the unjust lynching and discrimination against blacks. Near the end of the story, Marg uerite becomes the first black person to have a job as a streetcar conductor. At first, there was a policy forbidding any black person to have this job, but Marguerite fights and against all odds, she is successful. This proves that regardless of social standing, one can achieve what they desire if he or she really wants it. Just as us Americans fought for freedom, Marguerite fought for equality.

Mkt 421 Wk 1 Individual

trade Definitions MKT 421 November 27, 2012 Marketing, what is it? And how is it delimitate? Marketing is sometimes difficult to grasp for the average person. Though, in the business world market is passing serious. Defining marketing and the marketing mix gives a great overview of how understanding marketing and the processes involved be important for a successful presidential term. Many may have the general idea of what marketing is, plainly looking it at a micro level brings to play many more aspects that the average shopping mall may not see.A lot more goes into marketing and for myself marketing is what gets the consumers to obtain into the product. In the book, canonical Marketing A marketing plan strategy approach states, Marketing is the performance of activities that seek to accomplish an organizations objectives by anticipating customer or client needs and directing a flow of need-satisfying goods and service from producer to customer or client (Basic Marketing A marketing plan strategy approach, 2011).Whereas The capital of South Carolina Encyclopedia says, Marketing includes the activities of all those engaged in the transfer of goods from producer to consumernot only those who buy and sell directly, wholesale and retail, but also those who develop, warehouse, transport, in indisputable, finance, or promote the product, or otherwise have a hand in the process of transfer (Columbia Encyclopedia, 2008). Finally, the Marketing Management (14th ed) states that, Marketing is about identifying and meeting charitcapable and social needs.One of the shortest good definitions of marketing is meeting needs profitably (Marketing Management, 2012). The concept of meeting needs profitably is true because at the end of the day that is the entire purpose of marketing. Spending money is a considerable deal for any company and the way we spend marketing dollars can really bring forth or break the product being sold. Although, behind the doors of market ing is a lot of planning and developing to even up accredited the target market buys into the brand and/or product being advertised.Marketing is a cost that a business must evaluate trading floord off of the return on investment. The marketing plan a business develops really is what can manipulate or break a business especially during head start up. Once the business is up and running the marketing investments is just as important. However, at a certain point the research has been done and developed so marketing the next product is easier with the target market in place. An example of this would be each time a company such as orchard apple tree comes out with a new product.Apple has already established their brand name and has developed the customer base for their product. They will need to strategize about how they can expand their market, but overall they will be able to develop a sound budget based off the last results. Apples marketing has a lot to do with their success. Th eir marketing strategy since 2007 has been something to talk about. It was stated that since 2007 Apple as been relying mostly on the media to create buzz about the products. They have also used their products for product placement for TV shows and Movies as marketing (Edwards, 2012).Theses different type of strategies is what takes place during the marketing mix. McCarthy classified various marketing activities into marketing-mix tools of quaternity broad kinds, which he called the four Ps of marketing product, price, place, and promotion (Marketing Management, 2012). These four Ps are what should be focused on when developing a solid marketing plan. A lot goes into the product setoff such as variety, quality, design, features, brand name, packaging, sizes, services, warranties, and returns (Marketing Management, 2012).Nike definitely used this first P in making sure they marketed an exclusive product. Nike, starting in 1962 hit the ground running with the idea to make a tops(p redicate) and exclusive product to serve athletes (Marketing Management, 2012). They chose a great product idea to potentially make a lot of money in the long run. Nike developed a superior product and backed it up with price, place, and promotional tactics. Eventually Nike began to hire on spokesmen that were athletes such as Michael Jordan in 1985 when he signed to the NBA as an up and coming rookie.This chance paid off for Nike making them over 100 million in sales the first year alone (Marketing Management, 2012). Having a solid marking plan has played important role for companies such as Apple and Nike. Although, there are some organizations that dont make a profit and these non-profit organizations use these same tactics that Apple and Nike use as they understand the sizeableness of marketing as well. This goes to show meeting needs profitability and most companies are out to make a profit even when they are not. References Edwards, J. (2012, April 5).Apples Biggest Marketing Secret Was Revealed In Federal Court. In Business Insider. Retrieved November 27, 2012, from http//www. businessinsider. com/apples-biggest-marketing-secret-just-got-revealed-in-federal-court-2012-8 Kotler, P. & Keller, K. L. (2012). Marketing management (14th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall, (P. 2-29). Marketing. (2008). The Columbia Encyclopedia, 1. Perreault, W. D. Jr. , Cannon, J. P. , & McCarthy, E. J. (2011). Basic marketing A marketing strategy planning approach (18th ed. ). New York, NY McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Poems by Emily Dickinson: An Overview

However, to most efficiently express her thoughtful yet Judicious mannerisms would be d 1 her choice of words to create an Image. Emily Dickinson lend oneselfs Dalton (a style and choice of words) and Imagery (a description of a setting or Image) to paint a picture of splendor and stoic all in ally. For Instance, In the poem Some keep the Sabbath, when she writes words like Bobolink Instead of easy terminology like, hem, a bird Other Interesting words she chooses to use argon Chorister (a choir singer), Dome (a church roof Sabbath (Sunday), Surplice (robes for the choir) and Sexton (the person who tolls the bells for a church).Not only are all of these words unorthodox, but they are all capitalized, whereas all the other words not etymon each verse are lower case, as if they are of another allegorical importance. She withal shows the endorser a halcyon orchard, where the birds sing as beautifully as the church choir, where the songs ring as all right as the bells. Emily Dicki nson uses the same type of diction in There is no Frigate. She writes words like Coursers (horses), cross (a journey), Toll (shes expressing no cost), and the word Frigate itself (a large boat or vessel).With a new intention and stalk of travel, Dickinson uses word choice in yet another didactic poem. And she draws the reader a new usage to read, a chance to let go, and enter a utopian world, without a pennys cost. Through her diction and imagery, Emily Dickinson personifies exceeding beings and animals into humans, and also personifies objects into vessels persons use. With bird and human-like attributes, Emily Dickinson uses personification (the attribution of human characteristics to things) illuminate a pleasant natural setting.As Dickinson says she sees a Bobolink, she personifies it as a Chorister, but the Sexton who tolls the Bell is entitled to sing, which is only an action that can be taken by a human or bird. When she notes God, she claims him to be a Clergyman (a Chri stian minister). She also writes about how she wears her Wings instead of Surplice, which signifies freedom and naturalist views. Emily Dickinson uses personification In There Is no Frigate, nevertheless, in a peculiarly different way.. She turns mans use of vessels and travel Into miscellaneous things through comparison.She compares a Frigate to a earmark and Coursers to pages of poetry. Progressively, Dickinson becomes more abstract and makes a connection between a Chariot and the human soul. It Is almost as If she Is making negative connotations about ways of travel, compared to the more special things like the Imagination a person uses, the special feeling a person gets room reading a book in the harbor of his/her own home (which In turn enlightens the human soul). Lastly, Emily uses scriptural allusions and references to God in both poems, to slimly tenet elastic themes.According to most Talent, Is Like ten ultimatum. Or the Lord of all that is categorized as objective or su bjective. Emily Dickinson uses God variously in her poetry, there are a plethora biblical allusions (references) and Godly references because of her religious background. The fact that she writes about wearing a pair of Wings caught me by surprise.. To be honest, at iris, we thought she meant a bird, but now we are almost positive Dickinson is saying she allow become an angel and return to Heaven.Even mentioning Heaven, going to Church on Sabbath and God preaching are all biblical allusions. Unlike her poem Some keep the Sabbath, which is buzzing with all sorts of allusions, we could only find one relevant reference to the bible in There is no Frigate. When the Bible was written, the common way of merchant marine was by Chariot. In the Bible, the king of Canaan owned nine-hundred chariots, Philistines had thirty thousand chariots.. There were even horses designated to hire the chariots, and there were chariots made for war alone.

Global Warming and Its Effects in Mumbai, India

A Paper on Global Warming and Its Effectss in Mumbai, Indiacom/aaimagestore/essays/0817976.001.jpg/Present Scenario At A GlanceGlobal heating implies heighten green house consequence, which entraps solar radiations, accordingly increasing the overall temperature of the Earth. The GHG creates a cover in the visit strata of the earths atmosphere and this phenomenon consequences chiefly from human activities. The mean world-wide temperatures and CO2 degree in the ambiance are senior high schooler than they have of all time been in the yesteryear. Records show that the last 25 old ages have been the warmest in the past 5 centuries. Current state of personal matters is traveling towards 4 5 C by 2100, which seems ruinous to scientists for biodiversity, utmost conditions or subaltern-lying rise. An improver of 2-4 C whitethorn take to 10-20 % addition in cyclonal strength. This heating can travel up to an addition of honest aerofoil temperature by 3.5-5 C by the terminal of the ce ntury.Fig 1Current Green brook Gas Emissions all over the universe( 1000000s of dozenss )The recent ruinous climatic events in India are the effects of planetary heating. Mumbai, the concern capital of India, is highly vulnerable to lifting sea degrees. Harmonizing to the Intergovernmental Panel on humor miscellanea ( IPCC ) , the Arabian Sea degree around Mumbai is steadily lifting at the rate of 2.4 millimeters per twelvemonth and expected to lift up to 15-38 centimeter by 2050. The metropolis is in a seismal zone and prone to see monolithic temblor or a elephantine tsunami doing impossible loss of human lives and assets. This needfully means that this would restore the economic musical arrangement of the full state. Harmonizing to a 2012 study, about 2.7 million people live in countries at hazard of deluging. Until 1990, the average annually rainfall in Mumbai was 2129 millimeter, which rose by 50 % in 2005-06 ( 3214 millimeter ) . In 2005, a ruinous cloudburst occurred in Mumbai, doing decease of more than 5000 people and 26 July 2005 was know as the BLACK DAY in the history of Mumbai since so. Recently, winters in Mumbai have been the coldest with temperature every bit low as 8 C, when an mean temperature is about 18-25 C in the past 50 old ages.Issues bid the monolithic environmental debasement callable to population growing and ever-increasing reinforced-up countries worsened the hazard in Mumbai. Indian urban wetlands have lessen by 30 % in the last 50 old ages due to the rapid urban development and dumping of waste in water supply organic structures. The state of affairs is even more important because of its climate alterations due to population denseness, and its major industrial and fiscal developments many a(prenominal) of which are developed merely above sea degree and below the high-tide degree. This inhibits native overflow of surface pee through the complicated web of drains, rivers, brooks and pools that drain straight in the s ea and during high tides sea H2O can come in the system and lead to salt H2O flood. As a consequence, foundations of many constructions along the seashore have already started gnawing taking to a great danger. around 101155 dozenss of municipal solid waste is generated in the metropolitan part, which includes biodegradable waste, reclaimable waste and dust. Bettering the drainage system in Mumbai could cut down the losingss associated with a rising tide event by 70 % .Fig 2 Monthly Total Rainfall over Santacruz in July ( 1959-2005 )Economic Impacts due to Climatic CatastrophesThough Indian economic system happens to be as one of the fastest turning major economic systems, the climatic catastrophes are impacting it greatly. Harmonizing to The Indira Gandhi Institute of phylogenesis Research, if the planetary heating continues to lift, climatic catastrophes would do a lessening in Indias GDP by approximately 9 % . An estimated 11.4 million people and assets worth of $ 1.3 trillion would be in danger in Mumbai due to climatic catastrophes by 2070. Surveies were in like manner carried out by bailiwick Climatic Data Center to snap the economic impacts from clime alteration. Bombay is likely to endure infrastructural losingss including airdromes, roads, ports, tracks, bridges up to INR 4,000 crores due to climate alteration. Surveies suggest that losingss could lift by 35 % for utmost rainfall event In Mumbai. In 2005 calamity 14,000 places were destroyed, and more than 350,000 places were affected. That twelvemonth the metropolis was impacted straight with economic amendss of about dickens billion USD and 500 human deaths. Due to climate alteration, the entire losingss for a 1-in-100 twelvemonth event could multiform by three times of the current state of affairs ( to $ 690 $ 1890 million USD ) .Actions Taken So removedNational Disaster focus Authority, The Ministry of environment and Forests, the Ministry of External Affairs, the Ministry of Science a nd Technology, and the Prime Ministers station set guidelines for the catastrophe related issues. Some of the major policies that have been issued since 1953 1sMinisterial commission on inundation control -1964Minister s commission on inundation and inundation alleviation 1972Working group on inundation control for five twelvemonth weapons platformsNational committee for incorporate H2O resource development program -1996National H2O policy 1987National Flood Commission -1980Five regional down the stairstaking forces 1996Advisers were appointed to analyze the storm H2O drainage system and to fix programs for faster disposal of overflow, cut downing inundation continuance and came up with a Maestro visualize for augmentation of SWD System and submitted concluding study, known as BRIMSTOWAD Report, in 1993.Measures taken by primal and stir regimes Structures built to forestall inundationsEmbankmentsDamsNatural detainment basinsChannel conk outmentsDrain constructionsFlood zo ningFlood proofingWater shed developmentBelow Government organic structures were formed for Flood Management evidence Flood Control DepartmentCentral Water CommissionThe Ministry of Home Affairs has taken the Community Based Disaster homework enterprise which industrial plant with the aid of the local people and the NGOs to assist people fix themselves for different climatic catastrophes by mobilising them easy, and supplying alleviation to the affected part. It in addition helps to fix the seasonal calendars to foretell the climatic catastrophes, criterion the hazards for the community and take actions to cover with them. In December 2005, after Mumbai calamity, Government of India enacted the Disaster Management Act, under which the National Disaster Management Authority and State Disaster Management Authorities were created. The Act besides constituted Disaster Response Fund and Disaster Mitigation Fund at national, province and filth degrees. In Maharashtra, the province au thorities consequently has prepared the Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan ( DMAP ) in 2007. Under this, the hazards and exposures have been identified associated with inundations, temblors, landslides and cyclones. The program includes specific alleviation and extenuation steps, Land example homework and policies, substructure betterments and eventuality programs for Mumbai. In DMAP, measures for substructure betterments king necessitate a longer raiment in footings of the socio-economic and political context of the metropolis. Besides, the policies and planning will non be utile and effectual unless they are employ with schemes to cover with slums and migrators into the metropolis.A investigative commission ( CHITALE commission ) was established by Government of Maharashtra station 2005 inundations to tincture into the causes of the catastrophe and do recommendations to cut down hereafter hazards which greatly emphasized on steps to better the citys drainage syst ems. The execution of recommendations included broadening of the river channel, cross-drainage work in the catchment country, remotion of invasions along the river Bankss, solid waste disposal systems, cancellation of licence of the polluting industries, controling outflowing discharge in the river and building of public lavatories, step up of the river for making green buffer zones, extra broadening and deepening of the river, prolongation of 18 Bridgess and river crossings.Enterprises taken by cardinal authorities, province authorities and local organic structures are as belowEnterprises at the Government LevelIntegrated Energy Policy, 2006Reforming Energy Markers ( Electricity Act 2005, Duty Policy 2003, Petroleum &038 A Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act, 2006 )Energy Conservation Act, 2001 revolutionary and Renewable Energy Policy, 2005Energy Conservation Building Code, 200650,000 MW hydroelectric Initiative, 2003The National Action Plan on Climate Change Prime Minister Climate Change Action Plan and the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission are major enterprises of the Central and State Governments to discard ecologically sustainable growing and reference countrys energy security challenge. The Mission tag to make a policy model to deploy 20,000 MW of solar power by 2022Natural Resources &038 A Environment Capability Plan Implementation 2008 -11.Enterprises at Local Body LevelCompulsory rain H2O reaping for all edificesPromoting energy efficient edificesImproved waste cathexisPrecedence to public conveyance substructurePromoting recycle and reuse of waste H2OBan on PlasticUse of energy salvaging led lampsAir pollution monitoringSchools Campaigns for consciousnessUse of Mass Transit, Car poolsUse of CNG alternatively of gasolineUse of bikeSpecific Undertakings in Mumbai Metropolitan RegionMithi River Development Mumbai MetroDesign and building of skywalks in MMR at 67 topographic pointsBRIMSTOWAD and Mumbai Sewage Disposal Project Priority WorksMumba i Trans harbour Sea Link Project with dispersion systemMumbai urban Transport ProjectMumbai Metro LineBandra Worli Sea LinkDharavi Redevelopment ProjectMumbai Urban Infrastructure ProjectRehabilitation of Pavement DwellersMonorail UndertakingMumbai City Development Plan 2005-2025The province signed a Memorandum of spirit of biennial survey across the province with The Energy &038 A Resources Institute for aRs.97.99-lakh. It will analyse protuberance clime alteration impact on services like H2O resources, agribusiness, migration, marine ecosystems and support. TERI will analyse a exposure index for all the sectors, impacted from variables like temperature alteration, sea degree rise and the absolute frequency of happening of utmost events and suggest version programs for Mumbai to cover with catastrophes originating from clime alteration. The survey will measure clime alteration impacts on wellness, ecosystems, markets and urge policies to get by up with these with alterations i n land usage, lodging and urban development. It estimates that the cost of clime change-related amendss to the metropolis would beabout INR2.28 hundred thousand crore if there is no version program for these catastrophes. of import Government besides plans to pass INR 300,000 crores to bring forth 60,000 MW power.International EnterprisesThe Natural Resources Defense Council is a New York City-based, non-profit international environmental protagonism group. NRDC s India Initiative on Climate Change and Clean Energy, which was launched in 2009, works with spouses in India to assist the state construct a low-carbon, sustainable economic system. Their work in India involves foursome interrelated following undertakingsi Enhancing U.S.-India Cooperation on Climate Changei Fixing for Public Health Impacts of Climate Changei change magnitude Building Efficiencyi Strengthening Environmental GovernanceIdeas to Implement From best Practices across the WorldDespite the enterprises and acti ons taken by the Indian authorities, planetary warming supports on increasing taking the state towards a greater danger. To attempt with it, the state should hold a richer proficient attack, networking and expansive audience physical processs at every occasion. Few attacks that exponent turn out highly helpful are as belowLand usage planningMeasuring matching resiliency of the metropolis to heavy precipitations and clime alteration and districting take the right adjustive steps. Zoning can assist accomplish big hazard decrease and its methodological abstract might include inside informations in hydrological modeling and analyses on clime alteration scenarios.Consistent hazard direction policiesAn appropriate hazard direction policy would include all steps such as reduced edifice exposure, land-use programs, information and communicating to the community, improved drainage, insurance strategies, and support to Reconstruction. Frequent low-impact events like the inundations happen ing a great deal in Mumbai could be avoided by improved drainage. For more terrible events population information, zoning and land-use programs and forestalling habitant to settle in flood-prone zones could cut down the badness. For exceeding inundations early warning and emptying are necessity, along with support for Reconstruction and insurance to extenuate economic losingss. Hazard designation, exposure appraisal and hazard analysis find where people, belongings, and critical installations are exposed to different natural jeopardies.Micro-level planningFor developingeffective drainage systemsAnti-erosion stepsat beaches and seafrontsExecution of theprotection programFor genus Rhizophora mangles and other wetland countriesIntroduction ofadvanced edifice building patterns Reducing the salt content of new edifice stuffs upgrading of older edifices and scrutiny of stableness of seaside edifices at hazard of land erodingGreaterinvestingInvestings in heathland sector, wellness at tention installations and wellness infrastructurefor supplying medical attention to people affected by clime alteration.Introduction ofEnergy Conservation Measuresat all degreesEnhancement of the urban ecosystem Creation of more unfastened infinites, verdure, Parkss and tree-lined roads.Comprehensive tweak Management Plans and Post-Disaster Redevelopment PlansThis includes emptying and sheltering, pull offing the development and renovation of land exposed to natural jeopardies. The authorities must construct butchs to make a barrier against the billowing sea and salvage the bing Rhizophora mangles environing the metropolis from being destroyed further.Community battleThe communities should understand the hazard they might see, and besides the take up to take immediate and long term actions. They should be consulted on a regular footing during the decision-making procedure to by the contrivers, applied scientists and designers to do this enterprise a success.Adaptive Architectures for ResilienceAdaptable houses could be built that respond to inundations, and every bit useable the remainder of the twelvemonth. For most of the twelvemonth, these houses function as an ordinary safety whereas during inundations it transforms to supply an option turned around life agreement to be adopted. Some international illustrations besides show that the houses could be built on concrete drifting organic structures. These houses can cover with an addition in H2O degree of up to 5.5 meters.The population addition and planetary heating effects in Mumbai will jeopardize the metropolis much more in approaching yearss. It is high clip that Central, State Governments and Local organic structures become cognizant of the gravitation of the state of affairs and do necessary policies in urban and environmental planning, where the dwellers besides take active engagement to salvage the metropolisCitations / MentionsIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeGlobal Warming and Its Impacts on Climate of India (hypertext transpose protocol //www.climateemergencyinstitute.com/uploads/GLOBAL_WARMING_AND_ITS_IMPACTS_ON_CLIMATE_OF_INDIA.pdf)Best Practices Land Use proviso Strategies and Best Development Practices for Minimizing Vulnerability to Flooding and Coastal Storms by Florida Department of Community Affair, Division of Community Planning and Emergency Management (hypertext transfer protocol //www.floridajobs.org/fdcp/dcp/hazardmitigation/files/Protecting_FL_Comm.pdf)Best Practices Confronting up to lifting sea-levels a programme of research on deluging in UK carried out by the RIBA and the Institution of Civil Engineers (hypertext transfer protocol //www.buildingfutures.org.uk/assets/downloads/Facing_Up_To_Rising_Sea_Levels.pdf)Best PracticesPull offing Flood Risks in Parishes A Best Practice Guide Produced by The Hampshire Flood Steering Group 2nd variation (hypertext transfer protocol //www.leics.gov.uk/flood_risks_in_parishes.pdf)Mumbai City Development Plan 2005-2025 (hypertext transfer protocol //www.karmayog.org/docs/mumbai2005-25.pdf)Concluding Report for Enhancing Adaptation to Climate Change by Integrating Climate Risk into Long-Term Development Plan and Disaster Management Project by Asia Pacific Network for Global Change ResearchBenchmarking Urban Sustainability A Composite magnate for Mumbai and Bangalore by B.Sudhakara Reddy and P. Balachandra (hypertext transfer protocol //www.igidr.ac.in/pdf/publication/WP-2013-008.pdf)Natural Resources Defense Council (hypertext transfer protocol //www.nrdc.org/international/india/)Current Enterprises of Local Governments in India by Dr. Jatin V. Modi (hypertext transfer protocol //www.city.hamamatsu.shizuoka.jp/foreign/english/intercity_cooperation/pdf/congre_08.pdf)Economic impact of clime alteration on Mumbai, India by Rakesh Kumar, Parag Jawale and Shalini Tandon (hypertext transfer protocol //www.pl.boell.org/alt/download_en/Regional_Health_Forum_Volume_12_No_1_Economic_impact_of.pd f)Mumbai City Report by Archana Patankar, Anand Patwardhan, Janki Andharia, Vikas Lakhani (hypertext transfer protocol //startcc.iwlearn.org/doc/Doc_eng_16.pdf)hypertext transfer protocol //energymatters.webs.com/Sai Solar System (hypertext transfer protocol //www.saisolarsystem.in/JNNSM.html)The measure of India, Environment (hypertext transfer protocol //articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-12/global-warming/35067898_1_climate-change-mumbai-oecd-study)Hindustan Times (hypertext transfer protocol //www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Climate-change-action-plan-for-Mumbai-in-two-years/Article1-525623.aspx)Google images

Psychological Bases of the Learning Process Essay

I. IntroductionThe nature of the discipline attend to has been canvas by psychologists and physiologists. M either experiments switch been performed and the literature on the subject is voluminous. There has been continual progress in exploring what is non known about eruditeness. Each year sees new discoveries hew hypotheses. Some proposed hypotheses were proven defame and some older discoveries were made eligible for major modification. Subjecting individuals and classes to scientific measurements has lifted certain phases of cultivation from the realm of speculation to the realm of science. At present, there is no comprehensive possibility concerning all aspects of encyclopaedism. There is bulky disagreement about the language to be used in describing learning. Different writers hold conflicting positions on the degree of specificity of generality appropriate in talking about learning (Baxter Magolda, 2000).The science of psychology is of importation for the light that it throws upon the nature of the learning do work and upon the conditions most favourable to learning. Many other sciences have contributed a great deal to an misgiving of the nature of the learning process and to the principal issues involved in the reading of boys and girls. For example, sociology, physiology, biology, and biochemistry have added much to the improvement of educational procedures. In order to understand the teaching process, the students or the instructor must first know something about the learning process concerns the instructor no less than the pupils. Although the teacher cannot do the actual learning for the pupil, he can facilitate learning through effective teaching. caterful teaching and learning demand mutual understanding between teacher and student.It is imperative, therefore, that the nature of the learning process be clearly understood by the teachers so that the instructional activities may proceed in union with the basic factors of normal learning. It is app arnt that of the teachers do not know how learning takes place they will not be able to accomplish in directing and guiding the learning activities of the pupils (Woodworth, 2004). They should know not besides how learning takes place, but also how activities of the pupils are fitly and effectively directed to bring about the want growth and education of the pupils.Thesis Statement This study intends to (1) develop the ability to understand the pith of the learning process (2) develop the ability to understand the major laws if learning and their application to teaching (3) to acquaint the students with the contrary factors which affect learning and (4) develop an understanding of the psychological principles of learning.II. DiscussionA. Learning from different point of suckAs in other areas of science there are, in the field of learning, different theories which attempt to justify its basic processes. Both in method and conclusion these theories have d iffered greatly, for they have sharply focused attendance on only certain aspects of the total learning process. As a consequence, the behaviour which various experimenters and teachers have observed has been different. These various experimental studies have led to several ways of looking at the process of learning. Each has attempted to derive basic principles. At present time, however, it would be unwise for a teacher to adopt any atomic number 53 method as the way. Dealing with complex human learning demands that peerless give attention to all aspects of learning process (Gates, 2003).A fundamental aspect of the present liking of learning is its meaning. The meaning of the learning process, explained from different point of arrests, is given as follows.1. Learning from the point of view of the Mind Theory This guess of the Faculty psychology was formulated by Christian Wolff in 1731. This precept held that the mind has mental powers or faculties, much(prenominal) as memo ry, reason, judgment, attention, will observation, and the like, each of which functions as a stop entity that can be improved through recital or use. For example, faculty psychologists believed that the strengthening of memory could be achieved through the memorization of long and difficult passages. Such exercise was assumed to develop in the learner the power to remember well whatever material by which he later might be stimulated. According to the mind conjecture, all learning is training of the mind and developing the powers of its faculties. The believers of this theory assume that exercise of these powers in one area of content makes one more competent in the use of these resembling powers with other materials (Stephens, 2001).2. Learning from the viewpoint of Connectionists Theory This theory refers to the famous stimulus-response or S-R bond theory advanced by Thorndike. This point of view is found on the concepts that bonds or comm unitys between situations and respo nses. The basis of learning is association between sense impression and impulses to action. This point of view, learning occurs through a change in the connection between a particular stimulus and a response, thus this theory regards a connection as the key to the understanding of the learning process. To the connectionists, the stimulus-response (S-R) explanation of learning covers all types of learning. This point of view is based on the old synaptic resistance theory. The S-R bond theory is now known as S-O-R theory (Woodworth, 2004).3. Learning from the viewpoint of BehaviourismLearning from the Behaviourists point of view, refers to the building up of well-read reflexivees or habit formation resulting from conditioning. According to Watson, conditioned reflex is central to learning as the unit out of which habits are formed. Watson used Pavlovs experiments as the epitome of learning and made of the condition reflex as the unit of habit, and built his system on that foundation (Woodworth, 2004).4. Learning from the viewpoint of the Gestaltists Gestalt mean pattern, shape, form, or configuration. It implies that a set of stimulating circumstances takes place according to the relative time value of various stimuli reckoning at the same time. This point of view recognizes that the whole is more than the sum of its parts, or that the whole gets its meaning from the parts. It can be seen that the parts can be understood only in relation to one another and that this relationship is determined by the nature of the whole (Stephens, 2001).5. Learning from the viewpoint of the Progressivists The concept of learning from the progressivists point of view is in conformity with the integrative point of view which is based on Gestalt theory of learning. Both recognize the importance of the learner in the learning process, his interests, his attitudes, and above all, his ability to utilize the past experiences in meeting new situations. Both believe that there is no substitute for experience in the process. Likewise, learning is conceived by both in terms of total growth of the child rather than the program line of the subject-matter or change in behaviour. Both views are complementary and supplementary to each other (Stephens, 2001).B. The major(ip) Laws of LearningLearning, whether it be that of an animal or of a human being, goes on in accordance with the laws of life. receipts in teaching and learning can scarcely be made without a careful credit rating of laws and principles upon which to base any valuable structure for the betterment of the learners. The results of experiments on learning have been generalized and verbalize as laws of learning. The laws of learning are attempts to state the more fundamental conditions favourable to the learning process. There is expect for laws whether it be in a certain fields of knowledge, a particular course of study, or in the learning process itself. They are designed to make learning a continu ous process of development when properly handled and controlled. The more the teacher understands the laws and conditions of learning, the more fully he brings his knowledge into relationship with the situation in the classroom, and the better and more effective his instruction is likely to become (Kohler, 2005).C. Factors which may affect the Learning branchIt has been found out that the pupils difficulty in learning may be out-of-pocket to many factors within the child himself. Some of the important factors which may affect the learning process are as follows1. Intellectual factorThe term refers to the individual mental level. Success in inculcate is mostly closely related to the level of the intellect. Pupils with low intelligence often encounter serious difficulty in mastering schoolwork. Sometimes pupils do not learn because of special intellectual disabilities. A low account in one subject and his scores in other subjects indicate the possible presence of a special defici ency. Psychology reveals to us that an individual possesses different kind of intelligence. Knowledge of the nature of the pupils intellect is of hefty value in the guidance and the diagnosis of disability (Lashley, 2004).2. Learning factors Factors owing to lack of mastery of what has been taught, imperfect methods of work or study, and narrowness of experimental background may affect the learning process of any student. If the good school proceeds to rapidly and does not constantly check up on the tip to which the student is mastering what is being taught, the student accumulates a number of deficiencies that interfere with advantageful progress (Lashley, 2004).3. sensual factors Under this group are included such factors such as health, visible development, nutrition, visual and sensible defects, and glandular abnormality. It is generally recognized that ill health retards physical and motor development, and malnutrition interfere with learning and physical growth. Childre n suffering from visual, auditory, and other physical defects are seriously handicapped in developing skills such as reading and spelling (Lashley, 2004).4. Mental factors Attitude falls under mental factors. Attitudes are made up of organic and kinaesthetic elements. They are not to be confused with emotions that are characterized by internal splanchnic disturbance. Attitudes are more or less of definite sort. They play a large part in the mental organization and general behaviour of the individual. Attitudes are also important in the development of personality. Among these attitudes are interest, cheerfulness, affection, prejudice, openmindedness, and loyalty. Attitudes exercise a stimulating effect upon the rate of learning and teaching and upon the progress in school (Lashley, 2004).5. Emotional and social factors Personal factors, such as instincts and emotions, and social factors, such as cooperation and rivalry, are today related to a complex psychology of motivation. It is a recognized fact that the various responses of the individual to various kinds of stimuli are determined by a wide variety of tendencies. Some of these innate tendencies are rehabilitative and others are harmful. For some reason a student may have developed a loathe for some subject because he may fail to see its value, or may lack foundation. This disfavor results in a bad emotional state (Lashley, 2004).6. Teachers Personality The teacher as an individual personality is an important element in the learning environment or in the failures and success of the learner. The way in which his personality interacts with the personalities of the pupils being taught helps to determine the kind of behaviour which emerges from the learning situation. The supreme value of a teacher is not in the regular performance of routine duties, but in his power to lead and to inspire his learners through the influence of his moral personality and example (Lashley, 2004).7. Environmental factor strong- arm conditions need for learning is under environmental factor. One of the factors that affect the efficiency of learning is the condition in which learning takes place. This includes the classroom, textbooks, equipment, school supplies, and other instructional materials. In the school and at the home, the conditions for learning must be favourable and adequate if teaching is to produce the desired results. It cannot be denied that the type and quality of instructional materials and equipment play an important part in the instructional efficiency of the school (Lashley, 2004).D. Psychological Principles of LearningTo teach effectively, the teacher must understand the basic principles of learning. Based on the different concepts of the learning process and the laws that govern them, the by-line general principles of learning are presented for guidance in teaching1. Learning is considered as the acquisition of knowledge, habits, skills, abilities, and attitudes through the interactio n of the whole individual and his total environment (Guthrie, 2002).2. Learning is meaningful if it is organized in such a way as to emphasize and call for understanding, insight, initiative, and cooperation. When the learner is capable of gaining insight or understanding into the learning situation, then and only then will learning take place (Guthrie, 2002).3. Learning is facilitated by motives or drives. Needs, interests, and objects are fundamental to the learning process. If the individual has to learn, he must have some goal to be accomplished. Learning is best when the learner knows and understands his motive in learning (Guthrie, 2002).IV. ConclusionAs a conclusion, learning is often confused with maturation or physical growth. It is obvious that some of the ways in which man becomes different are tied up very closely with his physical growth. Our knowledge concerning learning and the teaching process has thus undergone profound development in the last twenty-five years. On ce it seemed sufficient for the educational psychologist to formulate a set of principles of learning around fairly simple concepts of exercise and effect. The teacher applied these principles through the techniques of drill, reward and punishment. But with the development of theory and research, the psychologist has found it necessary to expand and to expound his understanding of learning with consequent important implication for teaching.

Westen Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Westen Civilization - Essay ExampleThe Merovingians were a group of people who ruled the Franks (which include present France) for three hundred years beginning in the fifth century. Like their Roman predecessors, the Merovingians wielded forcefulness based upon ones birthright, the aristocratic were destined to remain that way and likewise, the peasants would continue to live in poverty. As such, it behooved the king to ally the placeful. It was an unusual society in that the wealthy were the ones who practiced and fought the wars.However, the wars and aristocratic lifestyles indispensable a great deal of money for upkeep so the powerful enacted an extensive series of laws cognise as the Salic Laws. With this, enormous fines were levied that might seem excessive and even ludicrous today. For example, not answering a courts summons today might result in a contempt surge and a few hundred dollars fine. The penalty for that under the Merovingians was in excess of $180,000 By the y ear 700, Merovingians had embraced Christianity and the childrens teachings were based upon that philosophy entirely.The one thing that led to the Merovingians downfall was their decision to appoint mayoral families to bid the royal palace. In the early eighth century, one such set of mayors, the Carolingians, began to peacefully seize power from the Merovingians and the Franks in what is now France. Withstanding an invasion from Muslims and with the blessings of the Pope, Pippin III deposed the final Merovingians in 751. Thus, the Catholic Church began its systematic curb of Western governments, which continued unabated for almost one thousand years.Yet is was the son of Pippin III who was to run into the most fame Charles I of the Carolingians, who possessed the more famous name Charlemagne (pp 268-75) lived from 742 until 814. Known as the Father of Europe, the